Jana, katika blogu hii, nilikiongelea kitabu cha Charles Derber, People Before Profit, ambacho kinahusu utandawazi. Katika kukisoma kitabu hiki, nilivutiwa na maelezo yake, na nikapata hamasa ya kufuatilia mada ya utandawazi kwa namna nyingine.
Nilikumbuka kwamba nina kitabu cha David Crystal, English as a Global Language, ambacho nilikinunua miaks michache iliyopita, ila nilikuwa nimekipitia juu juu tu. Leo nimeamua kukisoma, na ninaona jinsi maelezo yake kuhusu lugha ya ki-Ingereza yanavyofungamana na suala la utandawazi. Kwa mfano, katika utangulizi wake, mwandishi anasema,
"We have as yet no adequate typology of the remarkable range of language contact situations which have emerged as a consequence of globalization, either physically (e.g. through population movement and economic development or virtually (e.g. through Internet communication and satellite broadcasting)." (xi)
Kitu kimoja kilichonifanya nikumbuke kitabu cha David Crystal ni kuwa huyu ni mtaalam maarufu ulimwenguni wa masuala ya lugha. Nilipokuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, kuanzia mwaka 1973, nikisomea "Literature" na "English," ndipo niliposoma maandishi ya Crystal, sambamba na mabingwa wengine, kama vile Frank R. Palmer, John Lyons, Noam Chomsky, Sydney Greenbaum, na Randolph Quirk. Kumbukumbu hiyo ndiyo ilinifanya ninunue kitabu cha Crystal, English as a Global Language miaka michache iliyopita. Sasa, kwa kuwa ninafuatilia suala la utandawazi, ninaona nilifanya vizuri kununua kitabu hiki.
Pamoja na kuelezea jinsi ki-Ingereza kilivyofanikiwa kuenea duniani na kinavyoendelea kuiteka dunia kama lugha ya mawasiliano ulimwenguni iliyo muhimu kuliko zote, Crystal anabainisha pia kuwa hatuwezi kuwa na uhakika kama hali hii itaendelea hivi siku za usoni. Kama nilivyoeleza katika ujumbe wa jana, nikinukuu kitabu cha People Before Profit, utandawazi hausambai bila upinzani kutoka katika jamii na tamaduni mbali mbali zinazotaka kulinda jadi na misingi yao.
Ni hivi hivi katika kuenea kwa ki-Ingereza. Crystal anatuelekeza kwenye kitabu cha Tom McArthur, The English Language, na anatumabia kuwa McArthur
"adopted a more synchronic perspective, moving away from a monolithic concept of English. His primary focus was on the kinds of variation encountered in the language as a consequence of its global spread. He suggested that English was undergoing a process of radical change which would eventually lead to fragmentation into a 'family of languages.'" (x)
Hilo wazo la ki-Ingereza kugawanyika katika vilugha mbali mbali linasisimua akili. Lakini, hata kama ki-Ingereza kitaishia kuwa vilugha vingi, ninategemea kuwa bado kutakuwa na misingi itakayodumu katika vi-Ingereza hivyo na kuendelea kuwawezesha watumiaji kuwasiliana na kuelewana. Hata wakati huu, tayari ki-Ingereza kina lahaja nyingi, sawa na ki-Arabu, ki-China, ki-Swahili, na lugha zingine.
Jambo la muhimu la kuzingatia, kwa nchi kama Tanzania, ni hoja ya msingi ya English as a Global Language, kwamba hakuna namna ya kukizuia ki-Ingereza kutawala dunia kama lugha ya mawasiliano. Tupende tusipende, lazima tutafute namna ya kuhakikisha kuwa tunaijua lugha hiyo. Tusipumbazwe na siasa reja reja zilizovaa gwanda la utaifa, tukasahau kwamba ki-Ingereza ndiyo nyenzo na silaha itakiwayo katika mapambano ya ulimwengu wa utandawazi wa leo na kesho.
Nilikumbuka kwamba nina kitabu cha David Crystal, English as a Global Language, ambacho nilikinunua miaks michache iliyopita, ila nilikuwa nimekipitia juu juu tu. Leo nimeamua kukisoma, na ninaona jinsi maelezo yake kuhusu lugha ya ki-Ingereza yanavyofungamana na suala la utandawazi. Kwa mfano, katika utangulizi wake, mwandishi anasema,
"We have as yet no adequate typology of the remarkable range of language contact situations which have emerged as a consequence of globalization, either physically (e.g. through population movement and economic development or virtually (e.g. through Internet communication and satellite broadcasting)." (xi)
Kitu kimoja kilichonifanya nikumbuke kitabu cha David Crystal ni kuwa huyu ni mtaalam maarufu ulimwenguni wa masuala ya lugha. Nilipokuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, kuanzia mwaka 1973, nikisomea "Literature" na "English," ndipo niliposoma maandishi ya Crystal, sambamba na mabingwa wengine, kama vile Frank R. Palmer, John Lyons, Noam Chomsky, Sydney Greenbaum, na Randolph Quirk. Kumbukumbu hiyo ndiyo ilinifanya ninunue kitabu cha Crystal, English as a Global Language miaka michache iliyopita. Sasa, kwa kuwa ninafuatilia suala la utandawazi, ninaona nilifanya vizuri kununua kitabu hiki.
Pamoja na kuelezea jinsi ki-Ingereza kilivyofanikiwa kuenea duniani na kinavyoendelea kuiteka dunia kama lugha ya mawasiliano ulimwenguni iliyo muhimu kuliko zote, Crystal anabainisha pia kuwa hatuwezi kuwa na uhakika kama hali hii itaendelea hivi siku za usoni. Kama nilivyoeleza katika ujumbe wa jana, nikinukuu kitabu cha People Before Profit, utandawazi hausambai bila upinzani kutoka katika jamii na tamaduni mbali mbali zinazotaka kulinda jadi na misingi yao.
Ni hivi hivi katika kuenea kwa ki-Ingereza. Crystal anatuelekeza kwenye kitabu cha Tom McArthur, The English Language, na anatumabia kuwa McArthur
"adopted a more synchronic perspective, moving away from a monolithic concept of English. His primary focus was on the kinds of variation encountered in the language as a consequence of its global spread. He suggested that English was undergoing a process of radical change which would eventually lead to fragmentation into a 'family of languages.'" (x)
Hilo wazo la ki-Ingereza kugawanyika katika vilugha mbali mbali linasisimua akili. Lakini, hata kama ki-Ingereza kitaishia kuwa vilugha vingi, ninategemea kuwa bado kutakuwa na misingi itakayodumu katika vi-Ingereza hivyo na kuendelea kuwawezesha watumiaji kuwasiliana na kuelewana. Hata wakati huu, tayari ki-Ingereza kina lahaja nyingi, sawa na ki-Arabu, ki-China, ki-Swahili, na lugha zingine.
Jambo la muhimu la kuzingatia, kwa nchi kama Tanzania, ni hoja ya msingi ya English as a Global Language, kwamba hakuna namna ya kukizuia ki-Ingereza kutawala dunia kama lugha ya mawasiliano. Tupende tusipende, lazima tutafute namna ya kuhakikisha kuwa tunaijua lugha hiyo. Tusipumbazwe na siasa reja reja zilizovaa gwanda la utaifa, tukasahau kwamba ki-Ingereza ndiyo nyenzo na silaha itakiwayo katika mapambano ya ulimwengu wa utandawazi wa leo na kesho.
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